Kamis, 21 Juni 2012

IMPERSONAL “ IT” AND INTTRODUCTORY “THERE”


ü  IMPERSONAL  “IT”
Adalah IT yang bukan meruakan kata ganti benda. IT dalam hal ini tidak berarti apa-apa, melainkan hanya berfungsi sebagai pengganti kedudukan subjek dan memperkenalkan / menunjukan predikat yang mengikutinya. Bandingkan pengunaan IT  yang merupakan kata ganti benda dengan IT yang merupakan impersonal IT pada contoh-contoh dibawah ini.

IT yang termasuk kata ganti benda:
-            I have a book, it is on the table, i bought it yesterday. It tells us how to educate our children wisely.
-            Serval days ago i found an antique ring. I like it very much. It is made of gold. I will always wear it and i have no intention at all to sell it.
IT yang termasuk impersonal IT:
-            It is ten already. It is the right time for us to go to bed. Remember, we will have get up very early tomorrow.
-            X   : what day is it today?
Y  : well, it is Sunday.
-            A  : why did you cancel your plan to go swimming yesterday ?
B  : because it was cloudy yesterday.
                Selanjutnya penggunaan impersonal IT secara lebih lengkap adalah sebagai berikut:
1.      Sebagai introduction untuk menunjukan waktu, tanggal, bulan, dan tahun.
Contoh:
a.       X    : what time is it now ?
Y    : it is 10:00 o’clock now.
b.      It is january . It is the date when I was born
c.       It is august, the month when our country proclaimed the independence day.
d.       It was 2000, when I got married with her.


2.      Sebagai introduction untuk menunjukan cuaca (weather)
Contoh:
a.       What is the weather like in your country ? is it very hot ?
b.      It is not very hot in solo. What about in jakarta, is it hot ?
c.       It is windy outside, wear your jacket if you want to go out.
d.       It is very voggy in the morning in puncak.
3.      Sebagai introduction untuk menunjukan jarak (distance)
Contoh:
a.       X   : how far is it from your house to work ?
Y   : it is about five kilometers.
b.      A  : is there any ATM near here ?
B  : yes, it is about five hundreds meters from here.


ü  INTRODUCTORY “THERE”
Seperti halnya IT pada impersonal IT, kata there disini juga bukan merupakan  kata ganti yang arti nya disana, melainkan halnya sebagai pemula suatu kalimat. There dalam hal ini lebih tepat diartikan ADA atau TERDAPAT. Kemudian to be dibelakangnya disesuaikan dengan sujek apakah jamak atau tunggal, juga disesuaikan dengan TENSE nya apakah kalimatnya PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE, dan seterusnya.

Perhatikan contoh penggunaan introductary there berikut ini:
a.       There are always many things to do at home.
b.      There was someone coming here last night.
c.       There is a big snake under my bed.
d.       There were twenty participants in the seminars yesterday.
e.       There is only one girl in my heart.

VOCABULARY ENRICHMENT


ü  Pengantar
Vocabulary enrichment (pengayaan kosakata) adalah juga menjadi bagian yang wajib dilakukan oleh language learner agar punya cukup bekal untuk memahami bacaan, atau percakapan dan juga agar mampu memproduksi ujaran yang sesuai dengan situasi yang ada. Penyajian kosa kata di bab ini dikelompokan menurut kelompoknya masing-masing misalnya kategori profession, name of abjacts, economic and office terms, easurements, etc.


ü  Word Lish
a.              Profession
-            Accountant            : a person whose job is control and examine the money of
                                  business or people.
-            Engineer                  : a person who is professionally trained to plan the making
  of engines, roads, bridges, equipments, etc.  
-            Stenographer       : a person who uses shorthad to write down what some one
  is saying then types a copy of it.
-            Draftman                  : a person who makes drawing of all the parts of a new
  building of machine.
-            Carpenter                               : a person who skillful in making, repairing of wooden
  objects.
-            Electrician               : a person whose job is skillful in using fixing, repairing
  electric devices, ect.
-            Plumber                     : a person whose job is to fix and repair pipes, and
  bathroom apparatus.
-            Welder                       : a person whose job is connect metal joints.
-            Clerk                          : a person whose job is to keep records and accounts or 
  do general office work.
-            Secretary                                : a person whose job is to type letters, to keep record, or
  to arrenge meeting for someone.
-            Freeman                    : a person whose job is putting out fires.
-            Beautician               : a person whose job is to beautify and perform treatment
  to skin, hair, etc.
b.             Economic and office terms (istilah-istilah ekonomi dalam kantor)
-            Letterhead / sender’s addres        : alamat pengirim
-            Place and date                                       : tempat dan tanggal
-            Number / encoding                            : nomor surat / pengkodean
-            Subject / refrence                              : hal / referensi
-            Adressee / receiver address         : alamat penerima
-            Attention line                                         : baris perhatian
-            Solutation                                               : salam pembuka
-            Letter body                                             : isi surat
-            The complementary closure           : salam penutup
-            Signature                                                                : tanda tangan
-            Initial                                                            : inisial
-            Enclosure                                                                : lampiran
-            Cc / carbon copy                                               : tembusan
-            Ps / pos script                                       : nb / nota bene
c.              Kinds of letters (macam-macam surat)
-            Latter of application                          :surat lamaran
-            Letter of request                                  : surat permintaan
-            Letter of complaint                              : surat keluhan
-            Letter  of order                                      : surat pesanan
-            Seles letter                                             : surat penjualan
d.              About company
-            National / local company                                : perusahaan nasional / local
-            Overscase company                          : perusahaan luar negri
-            International / global company     : perusahaan global / intering
-            Join vuture company                          : perusahaan patungan
-            Transnational company                   : perusahaan lintas usaha
-            Holding company                                                : perusahaan induk, perusahaan yang
  memiliki satu atau beberapa anak cabang
-            Subsidiary company                          : anak perusahaan
e.              About employee
-            Permanent employee                          : pegawai tetap
-            Fixed term contract                             : pegawai kontrak

f.               Provisions (ketentuan-ketentuan)
-            Functional / ositioning title             : jabatan
-            Job and responsilalitier                    : tugas / tanggung jawab
-            Trial period                                             : kesedian menjalani percobaan
-            Office hours / hours of work         : jam kerja
-            Duration of kontract                          : masa berlakunya / perjanjian
-            Remuneration / rewards                   : honor / gaji, insentif, bonus, pensiun, dll.
-            Leaves and termination                     : hak cuti dan masalah-masalah kerja
-            Social security                                      : tunjangan-tunjangan
-            Compensation                                      : santunan dan asuransi
-            Dependents, allowance                    : tunjangan anak –istri
-            Medical allowance                                                : tunjangan kesehatan
-            Transport allowance                          : tunjangan ongkos
-            Teatory study allowance                 : tunjangan pendidikan
-            Viliences                                                   : keutamaan
-            Seubsidies                                              : subsidi-subsidi
-            Residential                                               : hunian
-            Tax of income                                        : pajak penghasilan
g.              Words and expressions used to draw conclusion
-            Finally...
-            Thus...
-            So,...
-            To sum up,...
-            All in all,...
-            We come to the conclusion that,
h.              Measurements (ukuran-ukuran)
-            1ft                                 : 30,5 cm
-            12 inches                  : 1 foot (ft)
-            1 yd                              : 91,5 cm
-            3 feed                         : 1 yard (yd)
-            1 inches                     : 2,54 cm
-            1760 yards              : 1 mile
-            1 mile                           : 1,6 km